Knitting, production of fabric by employing a continuous yarn or set of yarns to form a series of interlocking loops. Knit fabrics can generally be stretched to a greater degree than woven types. The two basic types of knits are the weft, or filling knits; including plain, rib, purl, pattern, and double knits and the warp knits; including tricot, raschel, and milanese. In knitting, a wale is a column of loops running lengthwise, corresponding to the warp of woven fabric; a course is a crosswise row of loops, corresponding to the filling.
Knitting is a method of constructing fabric by interlocking a series of loops of one or more yarns. Knitting is the intermeshing of yarn into loops to form a fabric. Compared with woven constructions, which are rigid and stable, knits more easily conform to a change in shape. The intermeshed loops of knits allow for flexibility as they stretch to fit the form. This mobility helps knitted fabrics to maintain a smoother appearance than woven fabrics, and it makes knitted apparel well suited for sports and other active endeavors. In knitting, there are basically two systems: weft knitting and warp knitting.
Weft Knitting
Weft knitting is accomplished by loops formed in a horizontal manner by adjacent needles. The most common machine used for weft knitting is the circular knitting machine. The circular knitting machine creates a tube of fabric in a spiral configuration around a cylinder. The width of the fabric is determined by the number of needles on the machine. One revolution of the machine completes one coarse for each yarn fed. The second type of machine is a flat bed machine. With a flat bed machine, the needles arranged in a straight line on a flat plate called the bed. These machines may have only one bed of needles or two beds opposite each other. Commonly used to produce sweaters, trim, scarves, and similar fabrics. Regardless of the type of machine used, in weft knitting, needles placed next to each other knit one after another in sequence to produce one row of loops from the same yarn. Here is an illustration of how loops of yarn are created by a weft knitting machine that knits yarn in a horizontal manner so that the loops are formed from right to left. If you analyze the structure, you see a pattern of loops arranged in rows and columns. The horizontal row of loops produced by adjacent needles in the same knitting cycle is known as a course. The course count is measured by the number of courses per linear unit, expressed by inches or centimeters. If this drawing represents a one-inch by one-inch area, you would identify this as 5 courses per inch. The vertical column of loops produced by the same needle knitting at successive knitting cycles is referred to as a wale. The wale count is measured by the number of wales per linear length. In this same drawing, there are 5 wales per inch.
Warp Knitting
Warp knitting, in contrast to weft knitting, is accomplished by forming loops in a vertical direction. If you look closely at an illustration of warp knit, you see that the yarn is intermeshed vertically with two wales. With warp knitting machines, each individual loop is created from separate lengthwise yarns. Wound onto a beam from yarn packages in a creel, the yarns arranged as a warp must be placed parallel to each other. Normally, for the most basic fabrics, each yarn needs its own needle. If one thousand needles are used on this machine, there needs to be a minimum of one thousand warp yarns. If there is more than one yarn provided for each needle more elaborate fabrics can be produced. With warp knitting, individual needles knit simultaneously across the width of the machine. Loops are formed by needles knitting a series of warp yarns fed vertically and parallel to the direction of the fabric formation. Warp knitting machines are typically used to produce tricot, raschel, and crochet.
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